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4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors are a class of herbicides that prevent growth in plants by blocking 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, an enzyme in plants that breaks down the amino acid tyrosine into molecules that are then used by plants to create other molecules that plants need. This process of breakdown (catabolism) and the production of new molecules from the results (biosynthesis), is something that all living things do. HPPD inhibitors were first brought to market in 1980, although their mechanism of action was not understood until the late 1990s. At the time, they were primarily used in the Japanase rice production industry, but since the late 1990s have been used in Europe and North America for corn, soybeans, and cereals. Since the 2000s, they have become more important as weeds have become more resistant to glyphosate and other herbicides. Genetically modified crops which are resistant to HPPD inhibitors are under development. There is a pharmaceutical drug on the market, nitisinone, that was originally under development as an herbicide as a member of this class and is used to treat an orphan disease, type I tyrosinemia.
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