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Adenylate-uridylate-rich elements are nucleotide sequences found in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that code for proto-oncogenes, nuclear transcription factors, and cytokines. AREs are one of the most common determinants of RNA stability in mammalian cells and can also modulate mRNA translation. The function of AREs was originally discovered in 1985 by Gray Shaw while in Robert Kamen's research lab at Genetics Institute, when Gray Shaw transferred the ARE from the 3' UTR of the human GM-CSF gene into the 3' UTR of a rabbit beta-globin gene. The transfer of the GM-CSF ARE caused the otherwise stable beta-globin mRNA to rapidly decay. Shaw had previously postulated that the conserved GM-CSF sequences must have a function as they were very similar to the conserved 3' UTR sequences that he had previously observed in mouse and human IFN-alpha genes in 1983.
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