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Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the abdomen becomes subject to increased pressure reaching past the point of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). Normally, the abdomen has a steady state pressure influenced by the strength of the abdominal wall and the contents of the abdominal cavity; this is known as the intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). In hospitalized patients, the average IAH is 6.5 mmHg while in patients who are critically ill, the IAH can be between 12-16 mmHg. ACS is present when intra-abdominal pressure rises and is sustained at > 20 mmHg and there is new organ dysfunction or failure. It is not a disease and as such it occurs in conjunction with many disease processes, either due to the primary illness or in association with treatment interventions. Specific cause of abdominal compartment syndrome is not known, although some causes can be sepsis and severe abdominal trauma. Increasing pressure reduces blood flow to abdominal organs and impairs pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal, and gastro-intestinal (GI) function, causing obstructive shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death.
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